Propane-1,2-diol alginate
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Description
E405, known as propane-1,2-diol alginate or propylene glycol alginate, is a food additive derived from alginate, a natural polysaccharide extracted from brown algae (Phaeophyceae). It is obtained by partial esterification of alginic acid with propylene oxide (1,2-propanediol), resulting in an alginate ester with hydroxypropyl groups. Industrially, the algae are treated with alkali to extract the alginate, which is then purified and reacted with propylene oxide under controlled conditions.
The final product is a white or yellowish powder, soluble in cold and hot water, forming viscous solutions stable at acidic pH (down to pH 3) and in the presence of calcium ions, although less sensitive than sodium alginate. Its main function is as a thickener, stabilizer and emulsifier, improving texture and preventing phase separation.
It was approved in the European Union as a food additive and its safety has been evaluated by EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) and JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). EFSA established an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 25 mg/kg body weight per day in its 2018 re-evaluation, based on toxicological studies that showed no significant adverse effects. WHO also considers it safe at authorized doses. In food labeling, it must appear as "propane-1,2-diol alginate" or with its E number.
Globally, it is a well-tolerated additive widely used in the food industry.
E405 is used as a thickener, stabilizer and emulsifier in various food categories. According to EC Regulation 1333/2008, it is authorized in: fine bakery products (cakes, biscuits), ice cream, dairy desserts, sauces and condiments, flavored drinks, confectionery, and food supplements.
In the Spanish market, it is found in sauces such as mayonnaise and ketchup, creamy ice creams, custards, flans, and plant-based drinks. Maximum limits vary: in ice cream up to 1 g/kg, in emulsified sauces up to 5 g/kg, in dairy desserts up to 3 g/kg. Compared to the FDA, which allows it in similar foods with use limits according to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), the EU sets specific maximum amounts. In Japan, it is also approved with similar restrictions.
Its advantage over other thickeners is its stability in acidic media, making it ideal for dressings and carbonated beverages.
Toxicological studies indicate that E405 is safe at authorized doses. EFSA, in its 2018 re-evaluation, found no evidence of carcinogenicity, genotoxicity or reproductive toxicity. The main metabolite, 1,2-propanediol (propylene glycol), is metabolized to lactic acid in the liver, without significant accumulation.
At very high doses (far above the ADI), it could cause mild laxative effects due to its ability to retain water in the intestine, but no adverse effects have been documented in humans with normal consumption. Sensitive populations such as people with metabolic disorders of propylene glycol (e.g., liver failure) could have a theoretical risk, but there are no reports of problems. No interactions with medications are known. WHO concludes that there is no safety concern at current use levels.
In summary, E405 is considered safe for the general population.
- Propylene glycol alginate
- Propylene glycol ester of alginic acid
- PGA
- Propylene glycol alginate
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